The Serb defeated Casper Ruud in straight sets for a third French Open title to break the all-time record.
Victory for the third time in Paris, after 2016 and 2021, adds to his 10 Australian Open titles, seven at Wimbledon and three at the US Open.
Djokovic is the first man to win all four majors at least three times and is once again halfway to the first calendar Grand Slam since Rod Laver in 1969.
“I am beyond fortunate in my life to win 23 Grand Slams. It’s an incredible feeling,” said Djokovic after defeating Ruud in straight sets.
“It’s not a coincidence I won the 23rd Grand Slam here in Paris. This tournament has always been the hardest for me to win.”